The Treatment of Axillary Odor: A Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND Axillary osmidrosis (AO) is common in plastic surgery. But there is no perfect way to treat AO. We systematically compared the efficacy of 10 AO treatments with network meta-analysis in order to provide reference for the clinical treatment of axillary odor. MATERIAL AND METHODS Chinese and English databases were searched by computer. Some relevant studies were collected for network meta-analysis. RESULTS We identified 56 studies, including a total of 8618 patients for meta-analysis. The network meta-analysis showed that 21 out of 45 pairs of 10 AO treatments had no statistical significance. In statistical comparison, subcutaneous curettage and swelling suction subcutaneous pruning were better than a single treatment. In addition, the effects of both laser and electric ion therapy were inferior to those of other treatments. The order of therapeutic effects predicted by surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA), curve was swelling aspiration+subcutaneous pruning >subcutaneous pruning >subcutaneous curettage+subcutaneous pruning >spindle excision >botulinum toxin A injection >swelling aspiration >subcutaneous curettage >YAG laser therapy >CO2 laser therapy >electric ion therapy. CONCLUSIONS In operative treatment of AO, swelling aspiration+subcutaneous pruning is the best operative treatment, and botulinum toxin A injection is the best in non-operative treatment. Overall, the effect of surgical treatment was more significant than that of non-surgical treatment.

Managing patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.

Hidradenitis suppurativa affects the apocrine-bearing areas of the skin. The onset is variable but usually occurs in the second and third decades of life, coinciding with development of the apocrine glands. The condition is characterised by painful, inflammatory papules and nodules which frequently progress to form abscesses, sinus tracts and hypertrophic scars. Bacteria are not felt to have a primary role in lesion formation, and abscesses are often sterile. The diagnosis of hidradenitis suppurativa is clinically based, without a specific diagnostic test. The most important non-genetic factors implicated in hidradenitis suppurativa are obesity and smoking. Locally recurring lesions can be treated surgically and more widespread disease may be better managed with a combination of medical treatment and surgery.

Treatment of axillary bromhidrosis through a mini-incision with subdermal vascular preservation: a retrospective study in 396 patients.

BACKGROUND: Axillary bromhidrosis is a condition presenting as malodor caused by an interaction between the discharge of apocrine glands and bacteria. Topical agents, liposuction, and elective surgery are currently the main therapeutic modalities. However, the efficiency of these treatments and incidences of side effects are various and frequent, and depend on patient characteristics, surgical technique, and other unknown factors. METHODS: We report a retrospective study of outcomes in 396 patients treated by mini-incision with subdermal vascular preservation. RESULTS: At 2 years postoperatively, 87.1% of patients had achieved very satisfactory results. Short-term side effects included hematomas, epidermal erosions, infections, necrosis, incision dehiscence, and skin ripples. Long-term side effects comprised comedones, epidermoid cysts, relapsing cyst infections, skin gauffers, scars, keloids, and persistent malodor. Some patients reported unsatisfactory cosmetic results, including skin gauffers, scars, or epidermoid cyst formations. CONCLUSIONS: Two discrete aspects of the procedure that must be considered are the extent of apocrine gland clearance, which must be thorough in order to achieve the resolution of malodor, and the maintenance of an intact subdermal vascular plexus to support the regrowth of skin flaps after surgery and to avoid the occurrence of severe side effects.

Pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa: An update.

The pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) or acne inversa is not completely understood. Recent research has led to greater insight into the mechanisms involved in the disease. The primary defect in HS pathophysiology rests with the hair follicle. Follicular occlusion, followed by follicular rupture, and a foreign body-type immune response are necessary conditions for the development of clinical HS. A specific genetic signature and environmental factors, such as cigarette smoking, microbial colonization, and adiposity, all contribute to the HS phenotype. Translational research focused on the inflammatory mechanisms involved in HS is needed to develop novel therapeutic options for this debilitating disease.

What causes hidradenitis suppurativa?

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)--a rather common, very chronic and debilitating inflammatory skin appendage disorder with a notoriously underestimated burden of disease--has long been a playground for the high priests of nomenclature: Ask a bunch of eminent dermatologists and skin pathologists to publicly share their thoughts on what causes HS, and they will soon get entrenched in a heated debate on whether this historical term is a despicable misnomer. Fortunately, the recently founded Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (HSF; http://www.hs-foundation.org), to which EXP DERMATOL serves as home journal, has broken with this unproductive tradition and has encouraged publication of the current CONTROVERSIES feature. This is exclusively devoted to discussing the pathobiology of this chronic neutrophilic folliculitis of unknown origin. Although traces of terminological bickering remain visible, it does the HS experts in our virtual debate room credit that they engage in a constructive and comprehensive dissection of potential pathogenesis pathways that may culminate in the clinical picture we know under the competing terms HS or acne inversa. These experts sketch more often complementary than mutually exclusive pathogenesis scenarios, and the outlines of a conceivable consensus on the many open pathobiology questions begin to emerge in these CONTROVERSIES. Hopefully, this heralds a welcome new tradition: to get to the molecular heart of HS pathogenesis, which can only be achieved by a renaissance of solid basic HS research, as the key to developing more effective HS therapy.

Tumescent superficial liposuction with curettage for treatment of axillary bromhidrosis.

BACKGROUND: Axillary bromhidrosis is a common but unpleasant and distressing problem faced by many societies, particularly in Asia, where malodour is reflected as a social handicap. Currently, local surgery is the treatment of choice among various non-surgical and surgical treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of tumescent superficial liposuction and curettage in treating axillary bromhidrosis. METHODS: Forty-three patients (25 females and 18 males, average age 24.5 years) have undergone tumescent superficial liposuction and curettage. Local anaesthesia, tumescent solution, was injected into the hair-bearing area of the axilla. Two tiny incisions were made for Fatemi cannule, and subcutaneous tissue was removed by stroke movement under negative pressure. Subsequently, additional curettage was done around the incision sites. We evaluated the clinical efficacy (excellent, good, fair and poor) and complications. In addition, preoperative and postoperative histologic findings were reviewed in 15 patients. RESULTS: The follow-up evaluation started 3 months after the surgery, and mean follow-up period was 15.8 months, ranging from 3 to 54 months. Among 43 patients, 31 patients (72.1%) showed excellent to good results. The most common postoperative complication was transient ecchymosis which spontaneously regressed in 1 to 2 weeks. Focal skin necrosis, induration, and haematoma or seroma were each noted in four, three, and one patients, respectively, but resolved after proper dressing. The preoperative histological findings included increase in size and number of apocrine glands in cross-section view, and the postoperative specimen evidently showed removal of subcutaneous tissue, including apocrine and eccrine glands, and remnant sweat glands were severely destructed. CONCLUSION: Tumescent superficial liposuction with curettage for axillary bromhidrosis is an effective and safe treatment method for axillary bromhidrosis.

Tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis plantar con toxina butolínica tipo A / Treatment of plantar hyperhidrosis with botulinum Toxin Type A

El problema de hiperhidrosis afecta al 0,5% de lapoblación, y puede causar considerable estrés emocional,dificultando en ocasiones la vida personal,laboral y social del paciente, llevándole, por ejemplo,a evitar un acto como dar la mano o quitarse loszapatos en público. Por otra parte, el excesivo sudorpuede ocasionar maceración cutánea, acrocianosis,queratoderma e incluso deshidratación.La forma más frecuente de hiperhidrosis es laidiopática y en el 60% de los casos afecta a palmas yplantas de los pies.En este artículo presentamos la aplicación del tratamientocon la toxina butolínica tipo A

The problem of hyperhidrosis affects 0,5% of thepopulation, and can cause considerable emotionalstress, on occasions making difficulties in the personal,social and professional life of the patient, forexample avoiding shaking hands or taking shoes offin public. Likewise, the excessive perspiration cancause cutaneous maceration, acrocyanosis, keratodermaand even dehydration. The most frequentform of hyperhidrosis is the idiomatic affecting thepalms and soles of the feet in 60% of the cases.In this article we present the application of treatmentwith botulinum Toxin Type A

Axillary hyperhidrosis: eccrine or apocrine?

We review the literature regarding axillary hyperhidrosis, discuss normal sweat gland function and postulate on the respective roles of the eccrine, apocrine and apo-eccrine glands in the pathophysiology of excessive axillary sweating.

Vulvar hidradenitis suppurativa. Immunohistochemical evaluation of apocrine and eccrine involvement.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pathology of vulvar hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of the histology of resections for vulvar HS was performed, and a battery of immunohistochemical stains was performed. They included markers of apocrine differentiation (GCDFP-15, CD15, lysozyme) and eccrine differentiation (GCDFP-15, S-100, CA-19.9, HMB45). RESULTS: Thirteen cases were available for review. Eccrine glands accounted for the majority of glands in all cases. Apocrine glands were not seen or were present only away from the area of active inflammation in 10 cases. In two cases, glands were totally destroyed in the areas of inflammation. Evidence of follicular obstruction was present in 11 of 13 cases. Severity of inflammation was variable, ranging from minimal, with burned-out disease, to severe. Fibrosis was variable but was greater with less inflammation, suggesting a later stage in disease evolution. Inflammation of the glands was often absent or minimal and seen only with associated poral occlusion. GCDFP-15 stained both apocrine and eccrine glands (only the dark cells). S-100 stained only the secretory (clear) cells of the eccrine glands. CD15 stained apocrine glands. Lysozyme stained apocrine glands, but this was not a consistent finding. CA19-9 gave inconsistent results in eccrine glands. HMB-45 was negative in all cases. CONCLUSION: Cases of vulvar HS showed a majority of eccrine glands in active areas. Apocrine glands, when present, were away from active inflammation. Inflammation and eventual destruction of glands appear to be a secondary part of the disease process. GCDFP-15 is a reliable marker for both apocrine differentiation and the dark cells of eccrine glands. S-100 is a reliable marker for the clear cells of eccrine glands. CD15 also was reliable for apocrine differentiation. Lysozyme showed weak apocrine staining. CA19-9 and HMB-45 were not reliable markers for apocrine or eccrine gland differentiation.

Accumulation of FDG in axillary sweat glands in hyperhidrosis: a pitfall in whole-body PET examination.

A diabetic male with severe autonomic neuropathy and recently discovered Hodgkin's disease demonstrated bilateral uptake of [2-18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) in the axillary sweat glands during profuse sweating caused by hypoglycaemia at positron emission tomography examination. It is not yet clear whether the sweating interfered with the distribution of the radiopharmaceutical. Regardless of the cause or mechanism for the uptake, the finding is clinically relevant. A bilateral symmetrical accumulation of FDG in the axillae of a tumour patient does not necessarily indicate malignant involvement of the lymph nodes.